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Lviv pogroms
The Lviv pogroms were the consecutive massacres of Jews living in the city of Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine), which took place from 30 June to 2 July 1941, and from 25 to 29 July 1941 in occupied Poland, during World War II. The German historian Peter Longerich and the ''Holocaust Encyclopedia'' estimate that the first one cost at least 4,000 lives.〔 It was followed by the additional 2,500 to 3,000 arrests and executions in subsequent ''Einsatzgruppe'' killings, and culminated in the so-called "Petlura Days" massacre of more than 2,000 Jews, all killed in a one-month span.〔 Prior to the 1939 invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union and the ensuing Holocaust in Europe, the city of Lviv had the third-largest Jewish population in Poland during the interwar period, which swelled further to over 200,000 Jews as the refugees fled east from the Nazis.〔Stefan Szende, ''The Promise Hitler Kept'', London 1945, p. 124. .〕
==First pogrom==
Immediately after the German army entered Lviv, the prison gates were opened and the scale of the NKVD prisoner massacres carried out by the Soviets revealed. An OUN member estimated 10,000 dead victims at Brygidki, although the numbers were later adjusted by the German investigation down to 4,000 in total. The report drafted by Judge Möller singled out the Jews as responsible. As observed by British-Polish historian Prof. Norman Davies: "in the () personnel of the Soviet security police at the time, the high percentage of Jews was striking." The ''Einsatzgruppe C'' with the participation of Ukrainian nationalists organized the first pogrom, chiefly in revenge for the combined killings at Lviv's three prisons including Brygidki, Łąckiego and Zamarstynowska Street prisons.〔〔Jakob Weiss, ''The Lemberg Mosaic'' in Wikipedia (New York: Alderbrook Press, 2011) pp. 165-174 (Prison Massacre), 206-210 ("Petlura Days" or ''Aktion'' Petlura).〕 The German report stated that the majority of the Soviet murder victims were Ukrainian. Although a significant number of Jewish prisoners had also been among the victims of the NKVD massacres (including intellectuals and political activists), the Polish Jews were targeted collectively.〔 An ''ad hoc'' Ukrainian People's Militia – which would soon be reorganized by Himmler as the ''Ukrainische Hilfspolizei'' (Ukrainian Auxiliary Police) – was assembled to spearhead the first pogrom. In the presence of the newly arrived German forces, the infuriated and irrational crowd took the violent actions against the Jewish population of the city.〔 The German propaganda made newsreels that purported to implicate Soviet Jews in the killing of Ukrainians, and the German Foreign Office relayed them to Switzerland.〔
Historians have since established that the David Lee Preston collection of photographs once believed to show the victims of NKVD killings, is in fact showing the victims of a subsequent pogrom.〔Bogdan Musial, (Bilder einer Ausstellung: Kritische Anmerkungen zur Wanderausstellung "Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941 bis 1944." ) ''Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte'' 47. Jahrg., 4. H. (October 1999): 563581. "David Lee Preston collection."〕 Jakob Weiss in his ''Lemberg Mosaic'' wrote that initially the Ukrainian militia acted independently – with the blessings of the SS – but later were limited to joint operations (''Aktions'') with German units or otherwise functioned directly under Nazi command. The Ukrainian militia received assistance from the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, unorganized ethnic nationalists, as well as from ordinary crowd and even underage youth. At least two members of the OUN-B, Ivan Kovalyshyn and Mykhaylo Pecharsʹkyy, have been identified by Prof. John Paul Himka from several photographs of the pogrom. Holocaust scholar and survivor, Filip Friedman from Lviv, uncovered an official Report of the Reich Security Main Office which documented the massacre as follows: "During the first hours after the departure of the Bolsheviks (the Soviet Army ), the Ukrainian population took praisworthy action against the Jews... About 7,000 Jews were seized and shot by the () police in retribution for inhuman acts of cruelty (Brygidki and the other prisons )..." (dated 16 July 1941).〔Jakob Weiss, ''Lemberg Mosaic'', p. 173〕
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